Read 'The Enlightenment Spreads' pgs 202-205. Take detailed notes using CORNELL. While many monarchs were resistant to this change in thinking, some embraced it and wanted to be known as 'enlightened'. As such they have been referred to as 'Enlightened despots.' Make sure you really look at the3examples on pages 204-205 (Frederick the Great, Joseph II,andCatherine the Great).
1) When and where did they rule and what were their accomplishments?
Frederick the Great was the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786 who wanted to reform Prussia. He granted religious freedom and improved education. Frederick also reformed justice system, and abolished torture. His intention for the country was to strengthen it. He wanted to put a stop to serfdom, but never succeed in doing so.
Catherine the Great was the empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796 who wanted to reform the place. She proposed a reform of the laws based on the philosophies of Beccaria and Montesquieu such as religious freedom. Catherine got her armies to win control of the northern shore of the Black Sea and also expanded her empire westward into Poland. She vastly enlarged the Russia empire and resulted in Russia becoming an international power.
Joseph II was the most radical royal reformer who ruled Austria from 1780 to 1790. He introduced legal reforms and freedom of the press. He also supported freedom in religion, abolished serfdom and ordered that peasants be paid with cash.
2)How did they reflect the new Enlightenment ideals?
They reflected the new Enlightenment ideals by making their countries stronger and making their own rule effective. Yet they did not have any intention of giving up their power. They based their rules and ways of ruling on philophes ideas, such as Beccaria’s and Montesquieu’s. They tried to abolish capital punishment and torture. They also tried to give the peasants and lower/middle classes more rights by passing laws.
3) In your summary, using what you have learned about the Enlightenment, answer the following question: What are some of the ways that western culture changed in response to Enlightenment ideas? Be sure to mention the baroque, neoclassical, and classical styles.
In response to Enlightenment ideas, western culture was changing by changing its style of art to a style called baroque which was characterized by a grand or ornate designs. These art styles of the 1700s were called neoclassical. Music styles also changed to reflect Enlightenment ideas. Handel and Bach composed numerous organ and choral pieces. Beethoven, Mozart, and Haydn created music pieces that were a new style of music that was going on at the time called classical music. Literature was also changing. European authors developed a new style of writing and begun writing novels.
4) Think aboutPeople TODAYwho you would considered to be ENLIGHTENED thinkers. Research what they have done - justify your choicein a paragraph.
I consider Oprah Winfrey to be an enlightened thinker of today. Through her TV show and other sources of media, she not only helps people in need, she helps people get to open their minds and broaden it, whether it is to bring up self confidence, figure out one's identity, or just convince them to something. Oprah has affected the lives of so many children, women, and men around the world with her ideas and influencing them throughout, as well as becoming an idol to many with her kind and compassionate actions and ideas. Also, as one of the most successful woman in the world, and also the most successful African- American in the world, she gives confidence to woman and African Americans, allowing them to become stronger people and believe in themselves through her.
Why have people decided to Occupy Wall Street, and other financial areas in major cities the world over?
They people are angry with the government, who do not listen to the voices of the people and allow the wealth to be controlled by the rich. The countries have also been in debt, which create greater money problems for the people.
Who might oppose those who are occupying Wall Street or demonstrating? Why are they opposing them?
The government, politicians, and the rich would oppose those occupying Wall Street. They are opposing them because with people protesting, it is hard to control them and get them to follow the laws. It also creates a big discomfort for the government, since it is them who are making the people pay for their doings. Also, protesting can make the government look bad and ruin its ‘image’.
1) When and where did they rule and what were their accomplishments?
Frederick the Great was the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786 who wanted to reform Prussia. He granted religious freedom and improved education. Frederick also reformed justice system, and abolished torture. His intention for the country was to strengthen it. He wanted to put a stop to serfdom, but never succeed in doing so.
Catherine the Great was the empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796 who wanted to reform the place. She proposed a reform of the laws based on the philosophies of Beccaria and Montesquieu such as religious freedom. Catherine got her armies to win control of the northern shore of the Black Sea and also expanded her empire westward into Poland. She vastly enlarged the Russia empire and resulted in Russia becoming an international power.
Joseph II was the most radical royal reformer who ruled Austria from 1780 to 1790. He introduced legal reforms and freedom of the press. He also supported freedom in religion, abolished serfdom and ordered that peasants be paid with cash.
2) How did they reflect the new Enlightenment ideals?
They reflected the new Enlightenment ideals by making their countries stronger and making their own rule effective. Yet they did not have any intention of giving up their power. They based their rules and ways of ruling on philophes ideas, such as Beccaria’s and Montesquieu’s. They tried to abolish capital punishment and torture. They also tried to give the peasants and lower/middle classes more rights by passing laws.
3) In your summary, using what you have learned about the Enlightenment, answer the following question:
What are some of the ways that western culture changed in response to Enlightenment ideas? Be sure to mention the baroque, neoclassical, and classical styles.
In response to Enlightenment ideas, western culture was changing by changing its style of art to a style called baroque which was characterized by a grand or ornate designs. These art styles of the 1700s were called neoclassical. Music styles also changed to reflect Enlightenment ideas. Handel and Bach composed numerous organ and choral pieces. Beethoven, Mozart, and Haydn created music pieces that were a new style of music that was going on at the time called classical music. Literature was also changing. European authors developed a new style of writing and begun writing novels.
4) Think about People TODAY who you would considered to be ENLIGHTENED thinkers. Research what they have done - justify your choice in a paragraph.
I consider Oprah Winfrey to be an enlightened thinker of today. Through her TV show and other sources of media, she not only helps people in need, she helps people get to open their minds and broaden it, whether it is to bring up self confidence, figure out one's identity, or just convince them to something. Oprah has affected the lives of so many children, women, and men around the world with her ideas and influencing them throughout, as well as becoming an idol to many with her kind and compassionate actions and ideas. Also, as one of the most successful woman in the world, and also the most successful African- American in the world, she gives confidence to woman and African Americans, allowing them to become stronger people and believe in themselves through her.
Why have people decided to Occupy Wall Street, and other financial areas in major cities the world over?
They people are angry with the government, who do not listen to the voices of the people and allow the wealth to be controlled by the rich. The countries have also been in debt, which create greater money problems for the people.
Who might oppose those who are occupying Wall Street or demonstrating? Why are they opposing them?
The government, politicians, and the rich would oppose those occupying Wall Street. They are opposing them because with people protesting, it is hard to control them and get them to follow the laws. It also creates a big discomfort for the government, since it is them who are making the people pay for their doings. Also, protesting can make the government look bad and ruin its ‘image’.